Международный неврологический журнал Том 16, №5, 2020
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Нейробіологія COVID-19
Авторы: Majid Fotuhi (a, b), Ali Mian (c), Somayeh Meysami (d), Cyrus A. Raji (c, e)
a — NeuroGrow Brain Fitness Center, McLean, VA, USA
b — Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
c — Neuroradiology Section, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology at Washington University in St. Louis,
St. Louis, MO, USA
d — Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
e — Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
Рубрики: Неврология
Разделы: Справочник специалиста
Версия для печати
Аносмія, інсульт, параліч, порушення функцій черепних нервів, енцефалопатія, делірій, менінгіт і судоми є деякими з неврологічних ускладнень у пацієнтів із коронавірусною хворобою-19 (COVID-19), викликаною новим коронавірусом-2 (SARS-Cov2). Залишається проблемою встановити, у яких випадках неврологічні порушення при COVID-19 викликані самим SARS-Cov2, надмірною цитокіновою відповіддю, яку він запускає, і/або є результатом гіперкоагуляції і тромбоутворення в кровоносних судинах усього організму й мозку. У цій статті ми зробимо огляд матеріалів, де згадуються неврологічні прояви в пацієнтів з COVID-19, у тому числі гострі неврологічні симптоми (наприклад, інсульт), навіть без типових респіраторних симптомів, таких як лихоманка, кашель або задишка. Також ми обговоримо різні нейробіологічні процеси й механізми в головному мозку, черепних нервах, периферичних нервах і м’язах, що можуть лежати в основі зв’язку між SARS-Cov2 і COVID-19. Нарешті, ми пропонуємо базову класифікаційну схему NeuroCovid, що об’єднує ці концепції і виділяє деякі питання, які потребують вирішення в клінічній практиці в даний момент, і довгострокові наслідки COVID-19, такі як депресія, обсесивно-компульсивний розлад, безсоння, зниження когнітивних функцій, прискорене старіння, хвороба Паркінсона або хвороба Альцгеймера в майбутньому. При цьому ми маємо намір надати базис для майбутніх гіпотез і досліджень щодо взаємодій SARS-Cov2 і нервової системи.
Аносмия, инсульт, паралич, нарушение функций черепных нервов, энцефалопатия, делирий, менингит и судороги являются некоторыми из неврологических осложнений у пациентов с коронавирусной болезнью-19 (COVID-19), вызванной новым коронавирусом-2 (SARS-Cov2). Остается проблемой установить, в каких случаях неврологические нарушения при COVID-19 вызваны самим SARS-Cov2, чрезмерным цитокиновым ответом, который он запускает, и/или являются результатом гиперкоагуляции и тромбообразования в кровеносных сосудах всего организма и мозга. В этой статье мы сделаем обзор материалов, в которых упоминаются неврологические проявления у пациентов с COVID-19, в том числе острые неврологические симптомы (например, инсульт), даже без типичных респираторных симптомов, таких как лихорадка, кашель или одышка. Также мы обсудим различные нейробиологические процессы и механизмы в головном мозге, черепных нервах, периферических нервах и мышцах, которые могут лежать в основе связи между SARS-Cov2 и COVID-19. Наконец, мы предлагаем базовую классификационную схему NeuroCovid, которая объединяет эти концепции и выделяет некоторые вопросы, требующие решения в клинической практике в настоящий момент, и долгосрочные последствия COVID-19, такие как депрессия, обсессивно-компульсивное расстройство, бессонница, снижение когнитивных функций, ускоренное старение, болезнь Паркинсона или болезнь Альцгеймера в будущем. При этом мы намерены предоставить базис для будущих гипотез и исследований в отношении взаимодействий SARS-Cov2 и нервной системы.
Anosmia, stroke, paralysis, cranial nerve deficits, encephalopathy, delirium, meningitis, and seizures are some of the neurological complications inpatients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) which is caused by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov2). There remains a challenge to determine the extent to which neurological abnormalities in COVID-19 are caused by SARS-Cov2 itself, the exaggerated cytokine response it triggers, and/or the resulting hypercoag-ulapathy and formation of blood clots in blood vessels throughout the body and the brain. In this article, we review the reports that address neurological manifestations in patients with COVID-19 who may present with acute neurological symptoms (e.g., stroke), even without typical respiratory symptoms such as fever, cough, or shortness of breath. Next, we discuss the different neurobiological processes and mechanisms that may underlie the link between SARS-Cov2 and COVID-19 in the brain, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, and muscles. Finally, we propose a basic “NeuroCovid” classification scheme that integrates these concepts and highlights some of the short-term challenges for the practice of neurology today and the longterm sequalae of COVID-19 such as depression, OCD, insomnia, cognitive decline, accelerated aging, Parkinson’s disease, or Alzheimer’s disease in the future. In doing so, we intend to provide a basis from which to build on future hypotheses and investigations regarding SARS-Cov2 and the nervous system.
хвороба Альцгеймера; аносмія; цереброваскулярна патологія; COVID-19; цитокіни; SARS-Cov2; судоми; васкуліт
болезнь Альцгеймера; аносмия; цереброваскулярная патология; COVID-19; цитокины; SARS-Cov2; судороги; васкулит
Alzheimer’s disease; anosmia; cerebrovascular disease; COVID-19; cytokines; SARS-Cov2; seizure; vasculitis
Вступ
Неврологічні симптоми в пацієнтів із COVID-19
Стадії нейро-COVID: від аносмії до енцефалопатії
Довгострокові ускладнення: нейрокогнітивні й психічні порушення
COVID-19 у пацієнтів з хворобою Альцгеймера та іншими неврологічними захворюваннями
Наслідки для неврологічної практики в майбутньому
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Друкується в скороченій версії. Повна версія статті доступна англійською мовою в Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020; 76: 3-19. DOI 10.3233/JAD-200581.