Международный эндокринологический журнал Том 17, №2, 2021
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Епідеміологія автоімунного тиреоїдиту
Авторы: Кравченко В.І.(1), Товкай О.А.(2), Раков О.В.(1), Тронько М.Д.(1)
(1) — ДУ «Інститут ендокринології та обміну речовин ім. В.П. Комісаренка НАМН України», м. Київ, Україна
(2) — Український науково-практичний центр ендокринної хірургії, трансплантації ендокринних органів і тканин МОЗ України, м. Київ, Україна
Рубрики: Эндокринология
Разделы: Справочник специалиста
Версия для печати
Наведений огляд літератури з питання епідеміології автоімунного тиреоїдиту (АІТ). В огляді розглянуті етіологічні чинники автоімунного ураження щитоподібної залози (ЩЗ). У виникненні ушкодження клітин ЩЗ важливе значення надається утворенню антитіл та лімфоїдній інфільтрації залози. Відзначено, що генетичні фактори передують виникненню патологічних змін. Втрата імунної толерантності до автоантигенів ЩЗ — тиреоїдної пероксидази (TПO), тиреоглобуліну (TГ) є основою для розвитку АІТ. Зазначена важлива роль оксидативного стресу і реактивних форм кисню в патогенезі захворювання. Показано, що на своєму початку АІТ перебігає безсимптомно, утворення антитіл до ТПО і ТГ передує виникненню захворювання і може свідчити про латентний АІТ. Поширеність латентного АІТ відрізняється в різних країнах світу і сягає від 2 до 20 %, причому серед жінок вона була в 4–6 разів вища, ніж у чоловіків. Згодом латентний АІТ переходить у субклінічний та явний тиреоїдит із гіпотиреозом. Захворюваність на маніфестний АІТ у різних країнах становить від 27 до 273 на 100 000 населення. Нерідко захворювання розпочиналося в дитячому та підлітковому віці. Частота патології, включаючи латентний субклінічний та маніфестний АІТ, у цієї когорти населення, за даними різних авторів, сягає від 0,3 до 9,6 %. Вагітність також супроводжується наявністю антитіл до ТПО, але зі зменшеною агресією клітинних елементів й антитіл до ЩЗ. Післяпологовий період характеризується загостренням захворювання. В Україні захворюваність населення на АІТ становить 43,1 на 100 000, поширеність майже в 10 разів вища — 421,2 на 100 000. Зроблено висновок, що АІТ є найбільш поширеним органоспецифічним автоімунним захворюванням.
A review of the literature on the epidemiology of autoimmune thyroiditis (AT) is presented. This review examines the etiological factors of autoimmune thyroid damage. In case of damage to thyroid cells, the formation of antibodies and lymphoid infiltration of the gland is of great importance. It is noted that genetic factors precede the occurrence of pathological changes. Loss of immune tolerance to thyroid autoantigens such as thyroid peroxidase (TPO), thyroglobulin underlies the development of AT. The role of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species is important in the pathogenesis of the disease. It is shown that at the beginning, AT is asymptomatic and the formation of TPO and thyroglobulin antibodies precedes the onset of the disease and may indicate latent AT. The prevalence of latent AT varies from country to country and ranges from 2 to 20 %, and among women it was 4–6 times higher than among men. Subsequently, latent AT progresses to subclinical and overt thyroiditis with hypothyroidism. The incidence of manifest AT in various countries is from 27 to 273 per 100,000 population. Often, the disease began in childhood and adolescence. The frequency of pathology, including latent subclinical and manifest AT, in this cohort of the population according to different authors is from 0.3 to 9.6 %. Pregnancy was also accompanied by the presence of TPO antibodies but with reduced aggression of cellular elements and antibodies to the thyroid gland. The postpartum period was characterized by exacerbation of the disease. In Ukraine, the incidence of AT is 43.1 per 100,000, the prevalence is almost 10 times higher — 421.2 per 100,000. It is concluded that AT is the most common organ-specific autoimmune disease.
щитоподібна залоза; автоімунний тиреоїдит; антитиреоїдні антитіла; оксидативний стрес; епідеміологія; післяпологовий тиреоїдит; огляд
thyroid gland; autoimmune thyroiditis; antithyroid antibodies; oxidative stress; epidemiology; postpartum thyroiditis; review
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