Международный эндокринологический журнал Том 17, №4, 2021
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Неалкогольна жирова хвороба печінки: час для змін
Авторы: Єфіменко Т.І.(1), Микитюк М.Р.(1, 2)
(1) — ДУ «Інститут проблем ендокринної патології ім. В.Я. Данилевського НАМН України», м. Харків, Україна
(2) — Харківська медична академія післядипломної освіти, м. Харків, Україна
Рубрики: Эндокринология
Разделы: Справочник специалиста
Версия для печати
Огляд містить оновлену інформацію щодо епідеміології, етіології, патогенезу, діагностики, лікування і профілактики неалкогольної жирової хвороби печінки (НАЖХП). Ми провели пошук термінів, включаючи «НАЖХП», «неалкогольний стеатогепатит» (НАСГ), «метаболічний синдром» та «цукровий діабет 2-го типу» (ЦД 2-го типу) в літературних матеріалах, опублікованих за останні 5 років, із використанням баз даних Scopus, Web of Science, CyberLeninka, PubMed. Поняття НАЖХП включає дві морфологічні форми захворювання з різним прогнозом: неалкогольний жировий гепатоз і НАСГ. Тяжкість захворювання за НАСГ досить варіабельна, включаючи фіброз, цироз і гепатоцелюлярну карциному. НАЖХП — спектр жирових розладів печінки вірусної, автоімунної, індукованої наркотиками та генетичної етіології, що виникають не внаслідок зловживання алкоголем, — нещодавно була перейменована на метаболічну (дисфункціональну) асоційовану жирову хворобу печінки (МАЖХП). Середня поширеність НАЖХП становить приблизно 25 % серед дорослого населення у світі, а в деяких регіонах — понад 30 %. Збільшення поширеності даної патології відбувається паралельно глобальній епідемії ожиріння та ЦД 2-го типу у світі. Настав час досягти загального консенсусу в науковому товаристві щодо зміни номенклатури та переходу від негативного до позитивного визначення НАЖХП/НАСГ. Нова номенклатура вказує на позитивні детермінанти захворювання, а саме на тісний зв’язок із порушеннями обміну речовин замість того, щоб визначати його тим, чим він не є (тобто неалкогольною). Абревіатура МАЖХП точніше розкриває наявні знання про жирові захворювання печінки, пов’язані з метаболічною дисфункцією, і повинна замінити НАЖХП/НАСГ, оскільки це буде стимулювати зусилля дослідницького товариства щодо оновлення номенклатури та субфенотипу захворювання і пришвидшить поступальний шлях до нових методів лікування. Важливо, щоб лікарі первинної ланки, ендокринологи та інші спеціалісти були обізнані про масштаби та довгострокові наслідки НАЖХП. Рання ідентифікація хворих на НАСГ може сприяти поліпшенню результатів лікування, уникненню трансплантації печінки у хворих із декомпенсованим цирозом. На сьогодні не існує методів ефективного лікування НАЖХП, тому важливо дотримуватися мультидисциплінарного підходу, під яким розуміють застосування заходів, спрямованих на покращення прогнозу, зниження ризику смертності, пов’язаної з НАЖХП, розвитку цирозу або гепатоцелюлярної карциноми. Епідеміологічні дані вказують на тісний зв’язок між нездоровим способом життя і НАЖХП, тому корекція способу життя необхідна всім пацієнтам. У терапії НАЖХП використовують сенситайзери інсуліну, статини, інгібітор абсорбції холестерину езетиміб, гепатопротектори, антиоксиданти, інкретинові аналоги, інгібітори дипептидилпептидази 4, пентоксифілін, пробіотики, блокатори рецептора ангіотензинперетворюючого ферменту, ендоканабіноїдні антагоністи.
The review contains updated information on the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We searched for terms including NAFLD, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus in literature published over the past 5 years using the Scopus, Web of Science, CyberLeninka, PubMed databases. The concept of NAFLD includes two morphological forms of the disease with different prognosis: non-alcoholic fatty hepatosis and NASH. The severity of NASH is quite variable, including fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD, a spectrum of fatty liver disorders of viral, autoimmune, drug-induced, and genetic origin, which are not caused by alcohol abuse, has recently been renamed as metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). The average prevalence of NAFLD is approximately 25 % among the adult population worldwide, and in some regions exceeds 30 %. An increase in the prevalence of this pathology is in parallel with the global epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the world. It is time to reach a general consensus in the scientific community on changing the nomenclature and moving from a negative to a positive definition of NAFLD/NASH. The new nomenclature points to the “positive” determinants of the disease, namely the close relationship with metabolic disorders, instead of defining it as what it is not (ie. non-alcoholic). The MAFLD abbreviation more accurately discloses existing knowledge about fatty liver diseases associated with metabolic dysfunction and should replace NAFLD/NASH, as this will stimulate the research community’s efforts to update the disease nomenclature and subphenotype and accelerate the transition to new treatments. It is important that primary care physicians, endocrinologists, and other specialists are aware of the extent and long-term consequences of NAFLD. Early identification of patients with NASH can help improve treatment outcomes, avoid liver transplantation in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. There are currently no effective treatments for NAFLD, so it is important to follow a multidisciplinary approach, which means using measures to improve prognosis, reduce the risk of death associated with NAFLD, the development of cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Epidemiological data suggest a close relationship between unhealthy lifestyles and NAFLD, so lifestyle adjustments are needed to all patients. Insulin sensitizers, statins, ezetimibe, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, hepatoprotectors, antioxidants, incretin analogues, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, pentoxifylline, probiotics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and endocannabinoid antagonists are used in the treatment of NAFLD.
неалкогольна жирова хвороба печінки; метаболічно асоційована жирова хвороба печінки; огляд
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; metabolic associated fatty liver disease; review
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