Международный эндокринологический журнал Том 21, №3, 2025
Вернуться к номеру
Терапевтичні стратегії, наслідки та перспективи застосування агоністів рецепторів глюкагоноподібного пептиду-1
Рубрики: Эндокринология
Разделы: Справочник специалиста
Версия для печати
Вплив соціальних мереж значною мірою формує естетичні тенденції в сучасному суспільстві. Неодноразово було продемонстровано зміну вимог до естетичної та пластичної хірургії, що базується на цих впливах. Соціальні тренди формують вимоги не тільки до зовнішнього вигляду, але й впливають на фармацевтичний вибір населення. Виразним прикладом є ріст застосування медичних препаратів для зниження маси тіла. Препарати групи агоністів рецепторів глюкагоноподібного пептиду-1 (ГПП-1) активно призначаються у лікуванні цукрового діабету 2-го типу та ожиріння, проте їх дія впливає на безліч фізіологічних процесів. Глибоке розуміння впливу агоністів ГПП-1 на метаболізм глюкози, секрецію інсуліну та роботу шлунково-кишкового тракту (ШКТ) необхідне для оптимального підбору терапії та обґрунтування їх використання для корекції ваги у пацієнтів без супутнього цукрового діабету. Важливою особливістю препаратів групи ГПП-1 є їхня здатність модулювати апетит через вплив на гіпоталамус, що робить їх перспективними для лікування ожиріння. Дослідження показують, що ці препарати впливають не лише на вуглеводний обмін, а й на серцево-судинну систему та роботу нирок. Однак тривале та необґрунтоване їх застосування може супроводжуватися небажаними ефектами. Необхідні додаткові дослідження та спостереження щодо довгострокового впливу ГПП-1 на вуглеводний обмін, корекцію ваги, роботу ШКТ, печінки, нирок та метаболічний статус пацієнтів. Вивчення механізмів дії цих препаратів дозволить точніше прогнозувати індивідуальну ефективність та ризики терапії. Таким чином, лікарям потрібне все більше розуміння фармакологічних ефектів препаратів цієї групи, оскільки вони все частіше стикатимуться з пацієнтами, які хочуть використовувати або приймають агоністи рецепторів ГПП-1. Незважаючи на те, що засоби масової інформації широко висвітлюють це питання, всебічний науковий опис фармакологічного впливу, показань, особливостей призначення і потенційних наслідків застосування агоністів ГПП-1 є досить актуальним.
Social media shapes aesthetic trends in modern society significantly. Changes in requirements of aesthetic and plastic surgery based on these social trends have been repeatedly demonstrated. Social trends shape not only the requirements for appearance but also affect the pharmaceutical choice of the population. A clear example is the growing use of weight loss medicines. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are widely prescribed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, but they also affect a variety of physiological processes. Deep understanding of the effects of GLP-1 agonists on glucose metabolism, insulin secretion and gastrointestinal function is essential for optimal therapy selection and justification for using these medicines for weight management in patients without concomitant diabetes. An important feature of GLP-1 drugs is their ability to modulate appetite through effect on the hypothalamus, which makes them promising for the treatment of obesity. Studies show that these drugs affect not only carbohydrate metabolism but also the cardiovascular system and kidney function. However, their prolonged and unreasonable use may be accompanied by undesirable effects. Additional research and observations are needed on the long-term effects of GLP-1 on carbohydrate metabolism, weight management, gastrointestinal, liver, kidney function, and metabolic status of patients. Studying the mechanisms of action of of this group of agents will allow more accurately predict the individual effectiveness and risks of therapy. Accordingly, physicians need to understand the pharmacological effects of these drugs, as they will increasingly encounter patients who want to use or already take GLP-1 receptor agonists. Despite the fact that the media widely cover this issue, a comprehensive scientific description of the pharmacological effects, indications, prescribing features and potential consequences of GLP-1 agonists are relevant.
агоністи рецепторів глюкагоноподібного пептиду; цукровий діабет 2-го типу; ожиріння; лікування; огляд
glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; type 2 diabetes mellitus; obesity; treatment; review
Для ознакомления с полным содержанием статьи необходимо оформить подписку на журнал.
- Ouyang A, Hu K, Chen L. Trends and risk factors of diabetes and prediabetes in US adolescents, 1999-2020. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2024 Jan;207:111022. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.111022. Epub 2023 Nov 17. PMID: 37981123.
- American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 4. Comprehensive Medical Evaluation and Assessment of Comorbidities: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan 1;48(Supplement_1):S59-S85. doi: 10.2337/dc25-S004. PMID: 39651988; PMCID: PMC11635044.
- Galaviz KI, Weber MB, Suvada KBS, Gujral UP, Wei J, Merchant R, et al. Interventions for Reversing Prediabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2022 Apr;62(4):614-625. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.10.020. Epub 2022 Feb 10. PMID: 35151523; PMCID: PMC10420389.
- Glechner A, Keuchel L, Affengruber L, Titscher V, Sommer I, Matyas N, et al. Effects of lifestyle changes on adults with prediabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prim Care Diabetes. 2018 Oct;12(5):393-408. doi: 10.1016/j.pcd.2018.07.003. Epub 2018 Aug 1. PMID: 30076075.
- Aronne LJ, Wadden T, Isoldi KK, Woodworth KA. When prevention fails: obesity treatment strategies. Am J Med. 2009 Apr;122(4 Suppl 1):S24-32. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.01.005. PMID: 19410674.
- Polidori D, Sanghvi A, Seeley RJ, Hall KD. How Strongly Does Appetite Counter Weight Loss? Quantification of the Feedback Control of Human Energy Intake. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016 Nov;24(11):2289-2295. doi: 10.1002/oby.21653. PMID: 27804272; PMCID: PMC5108589.
- Silver HJ, Olson D, Mayfield D, Wright P, Nian H, Mashayekhi M, et al. Effect of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide, compared to caloric restriction, on appetite, dietary intake, body fat distribution and cardiometabolic biomarkers: A randomized trial in adults with obesity and prediabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023 Aug;25(8):2340-2350. doi: 10.1111/dom.15113.
- Edholm T, Degerblad M, Grybäck P, Hilsted L, Holst JJ, Jacobsson H, et al. Differential incretin effects of GIP and GLP-1 on gastric emptying, appetite, and insulin-glucose homeostasis. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010 Nov;22(11):1191-200, e315. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01554.x.
- Dailey MJ, Stingl KC, Moran TH. Disassociation between preprandial gut peptide release and food-anticipatory activity. Endocrinology. 2012 Jan;153(1):132-42. doi: 10.1210/en.2011-1464. Epub 2011 Nov 29. PMID: 22128024; PMCID: PMC3249668.
- Reimer RA, Darimont C, Gremlich S, Nicolas-Métral V, Rüegg UT, Macé K. A human cellular model for studying the regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. Endocrinology. 2001 Oct;142(10):4522-8. doi: 10.1210/endo.142.10.8415. PMID: 11564718.
- Dailey MJ, Moran TH. Glucagon-like peptide 1 and appetite. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Feb;24(2):85-91. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.11.008. Epub 2013 Jan 16. PMID: 23332584; PMCID: PMC3594872.
- Vahl TP, Tauchi M, Durler TS, Elfers EE, Fernandes TM, Bitner RD, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors expressed on nerve terminals in the portal vein mediate the effects of endogenous GLP-1 on glucose tolerance in rats. Endocrinology. 2007 Oct;148(10):4965-73. doi: 10.1210/en.2006-0153. Epub 2007 Jun 21. PMID: 17584962.
- Nakagawa A, Satake H, Nakabayashi H, Nishizawa M, Furuya K, Nakano S, et al. Receptor gene expression of glucagon-like peptide-1, but not glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, in rat nodose ganglion cells. Auton Neurosci. 2004 Jan 30;110(1):36-43. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2003.11.001. PMID: 14766323.
- Zheng Z, Zong Y, Ma Y, Tian Y, Pang Y, Zhang C, Gao J. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor: mechanisms and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024 Sep 18;9(1):234. doi: 10.1038/s41392-024-01931-z. PMID: 39289339; PMCID: PMC11408715.
- Meier JJ. GLP-1 receptor agonists for individualized treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012 Dec;8(12):728-42. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2012.140. Epub 2012 Sep 4. PMID: 22945360.
- Faillie JL, Yu OH, Yin H, Hillaire-Buys D, Barkun A, Azoulay L. Association of Bile Duct and Gallbladder Diseases with the Use of Incretin-Based Drugs in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Oct 1;176(10):1474-1481. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.1531. PMID: 27478902.
- Meier JJ. GLP-1 receptor agonists for individualized treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012 Dec;8(12):728-42. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2012.140. Epub 2012 Sep 4. PMID: 22945360.
- Al-Massadi O, Fernø J, Diéguez C, Nogueiras R, Quiñones M. Glucagon Control on Food Intake and Energy Balance. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Aug 11;20(16):3905. doi: 10.3390/ijms20163905. PMID: 31405212; PMCID: PMC6719123.
- Drucker DJ. Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Application of Glucagon-like Peptide-1. Cell Metab. 2018 Apr 3;27(4):740-756. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.03.001. PMID: 29617641.
- Pankiv V. Efficacy of Liraglutide Application in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and Obesity in Real Clinical Practice (Literature Review the and Findings of Our Own Observations). International Journal оf Endocrinology (Ukraine). 2022;6.62:91-101. https://doi.org/10.22141/2224-0721.6.62.2014.76942.
- Aggarwal R, Vaduganathan M, Chiu N, Bhatt DL. Potential implications of the FDA approval of semaglutide for overweight and obese adults in the United States. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2021 Sep-Oct;68:97-98. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2021.09.007. Epub 2021 Sep 21. PMID: 34560122.
- Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves New Drug Treatment for Chronic Weight Management, First Since 2014; 2021. [Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-drug-treatment-chronic-weight-management-first-2014.
- Han SH, Safeek R, Ockerman K, Trieu N, Mars P, Klenke A, Furnas H, Sorice-Virk S. Public Interest in the Off-Label Use of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Agonists (Ozempic) for Cosmetic Weight Loss: A Google Trends Analysis. Aesthet Surg J. 2023 Dec 14;44(1):60-67. doi: 10.1093/asj/sjad211. PMID: 37402640.
- DeFronzo RA, Ratner RE, Han J, Kim DD, Fineman MS, Baron AD. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005 May;28(5):1092-100. doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.5.1092. PMID: 15855572.
- Pi-Sunyer X, Astrup A, Fujioka K, Greenway F, Halpern A, Krempf M, Lau DC, et al.; SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes NN8022-1839 Study Group. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jul 2;373(1):11-22. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1411892. PMID: 26132939.
- Sorli C, Harashima SI, Tsoukas GM, Unger J, Karsbøl JD, Hansen T, Bain SC. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide monotherapy versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 1): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multinational, multicentre phase 3a trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017 Apr;5(4):251-260. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30013-X. Epub 2017 Jan 17. PMID: 28110911.
- FDA approves Ozempic® (semaglutide) as the only GLP-1 RA to reduce the risk of worsening kidney disease and cardiovascular death in adults with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Plainsboro, N.J., January 28, 2025. https://www.multivu.com/novo-nordisk/9314951-en-ozempic-ckd-fda-approval.
- Feng XS, Farej R, Dean BB, Xia F, Gaiser A, Kong SX, et al. CKD Prevalence Among Patients with and Without Type 2 Diabetes: Regional Differences in the United States. Kidney Med. 2021 Nov 3;4(1):100385. doi: 10.1016/j.xkme.2021.09.003. PMID: 35072048; PMCID: PMC8767132.
- National Kidney Foundation. Diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Last accessed: January 2025. Available at: https://www.kidney.org/diabetes-and-chronic-kidney-disease.
- von Scholten BJ, Kreiner FF, Rasmussen S, Rossing P, Idorn T. The potential of GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: from randomised trials to clinical practice. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2022 Jul 19;13:20420188221112490. doi: 10.1177/20420188221112490. PMID: 35874312; PMCID: PMC9301118.
- Afkarian M, Sachs MC, Kestenbaum B, Hirsch IB, Tuttle KR, Himmelfarb J, de Boer IH. Kidney disease and increased mortality risk in type 2 diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013 Feb;24(2):302-8. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2012070718. Epub 2013 Jan 29. PMID: 23362314; PMCID: PMC3559486.
- Mahaffey KW, Tuttle KR, Arici M, Baeres FMM, Bakris G, Charytan DM, Cherney DZI, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes with semaglutide by severity of chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes: the FLOW trial. Eur Heart J. 2025 Mar 24;46(12):1096-1108. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae613. PMID: 39211948; PMCID: PMC11931213.
- Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, Davies M, Van Gaal LF, Lingvay I, et al.; STEP 1 Study Group. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021 Mar 18;384(11):989-1002. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183. Epub 2021 Feb 10. PMID: 33567185.
- Rosenstock J, Wysham C, Frías JP, Kaneko S, Lee CJ, Fernández Landó L, et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021 Jul 10;398(10295):143-155. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01324-6. Epub 2021 Jun 27. Erratum in: Lancet. 2021 Jul 17;398(10296):212. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01556-7. PMID: 34186022.
- Novo Nordisk. Novo Nordisk announces supply challenges for Wegovy® in the US. Published December 17, 2021. Accessed March 11, 2023. https://www.novonordisk.com/content/nncorp/global/en/news-and-media/news-and-ir-materials/news-details.html? id=92023.
- Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, Pérez Manghi FC, Fernández Landó L, Bergman BK, et al.; SURPASS-2 Investigators. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021 Aug 5;385(6):503-515. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107519.
- Novo Nordisk. Company announcement: financial report for the period 1 January 2022 to 30 September 2022. Published November 2, 2022. Accessed March 11, 2023. https://www.novonordisk.com/news-and-media/news-and-ir-materials/news-details.html? id=143008.
- UnitedHealthcare. Prior Authorization/Medical Necessity — GLP-1 & Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. Accessed March 20, 2023. https://www.uhcprovider.com/content/dam/provider/docs/public/resources/pharmacy/oxford/Diabetes-Medications-GLP-1-Receptor-Agonists-Oxford.pdf.
- Htike ZZ, Zaccardi F, Papamargaritis D, Webb DR, Khunti K, Davies MJ. Efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and mixed-treatment comparison analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017 Apr;19(4):524-536. doi: 10.1111/dom.12849. Epub 2017 Feb 17. PMID: 27981757.
- Filippatos TD, Panagiotopoulou TV, Elisaf MS. Adverse Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. Rev Diabet Stud. 2014 Fall-Winter;11(3-4):202-30. doi: 10.1900/RDS.2014.11.202. Epub 2015 Feb 10. PMID: 26177483; PMCID: PMC5397288.
- Pi-Sunyer X, Astrup A, Fujioka K, Greenway F, Halpern A, Krempf M, et al.; SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes NN8022-1839 Study Group. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jul 2;373(1):11-22. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1411892. PMID: 26132939.
- Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, Davies M, Van Gaal LF, Lingvay I, et al.; STEP 1 Study Group. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021 Mar 18;384(11):989-1002. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183. Epub 2021 Feb 10. PMID: 33567185.
- He L, Wang J, Ping F, Yang N, Huang J, Li Y, et al. Association of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Use with Risk of Gallbladder and Biliary Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2022 May 1;182(5):513-519. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.0338. PMID: 35344001; PMCID: PMC8961394.
- Marzioni M, Alpini G, Saccomanno S, Candelaresi C, Venter J, Rychlicki C, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and its receptor agonist exendin-4 modulate cholangiocyte adaptive response to cholestasis. Gastroenterology. 2007 Jul;133(1):244-55. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.04.007. PMID: 17631146.
- Gether IM, Nexøe-Larsen C, Knop FK. New Avenues in the Regulation of Gallbladder Motility-Implications for the Use of Glucagon-Like Peptide-Derived Drugs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Jul 1;104(7):2463-2472. doi: 10.1210/jc.2018-01008. PMID: 30137354.
- Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, Davies M, Van Gaal LF, Lingvay I, McGowan BM, et al.; STEP 1 Study Group. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021 Mar 18;384(11):989-1002. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183.
- Pankiv V. Features of prediabetes management in adolescents with excessive body weight and obesity. International Journal оf Endocrinology (Ukraine). 2022;18(8):436-439. https://doi.org/10.22141/2224-0721.18.8.2022.1222.
- Ghusn W, Hurtado MD. Glucagon-like Receptor-1 agonists for obesity: Weight loss outcomes, tolerability, side effects, and risks. Obes Pillars. 2024 Aug 31;12:100127. doi: 10.1016/j.obpill.2024.100127.
- Knapen LM, de Jong RG, Driessen JH, Keulemans YC, van Erp NP, De Bruin ML, et al. Use of incretin agents and risk of acute and chronic pancreatitis: A population-based cohort study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017 Mar;19(3):401-411. doi: 10.1111/dom.12833. Epub 2017 Feb 7. PMID: 27883260.
- FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA Investigating Reports of Possible Increased Risk of Pancreatitis and Pre-Cancerous Findings of the Pancreas from Incretin Mimetic Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes/FDA. Available online: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-investigating-reports-possible-increased-risk-pancreatitis-and-pre (accessed on 5 May 2024).
- Trulicity (Dulaglutide) Prescribing Information Indianapolis, Indiana: Eli Lilly and Company. 2014. Available online: https://pi.lilly.com/us/trulicity-uspi.pdf (accessed on 20 February 2024).
- Adlyxin (Lixisenatide) [Package Insert]; Sanofi-Aventis U.S. LLC.: Bridgewater, NJ, USA, 2016. Available online: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/208471orig1s000lbl.pdf (accessed on 20 February 2024).
- Romley JA, Goldman DP, Solomon M, McFadden D, Peters AL. Exenatide therapy and the risk of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer in a privately insured population. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2012 Oct;14(10):904-11. doi: 10.1089/dia.2012.0075. Epub 2012 Jul 30. PMID: 22845701; PMCID: PMC3513976.
- Lando HM, Alattar M, Dua AP. Elevated amylase and lipase levels in patients using glucagonlike peptide-1 receptor agonists or dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors in the outpatient setting. Endocr Pract. 2012 Jul-Aug;18(4):472-7. doi: 10.4158/EP11290.OR. PMID: 22440997.
- Ayoub M, Chela H, Amin N, Hunter R, Anwar J, Tahan V, Daglilar E. Pancreatitis Risk Associated with GLP-1 Receptor Agonists, Considered as a Single Class, in a Comorbidity-Free Subgroup of Type 2 Diabetes Patients in the United States: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025;14(3):944. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14030944.
- Pradhan R, Montastruc F, Rousseau V, Patorno E, Azoulay L. Exendin-based glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and anaphylactic reactions: a pharmacovigilance analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Jan;8(1):13-14. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30382-1. Epub 2019 Dec 2. PMID: 31806579.
- Anthony MS, Aroda VR, Parlett LE, Djebarri L, Berreghis S, Calingaert B, et al. Risk of Anaphylaxis Among New Users of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Cohort Study. Diabetes Care. 2024 Apr 1;47(4):712-719. doi: 10.2337/dc23-1911.
- Kapoor I, Sarvepalli SM, D’Alessio D, Grewal DS, Hadziahmetovic M. GLP-1 receptor agonists and diabetic retinopathy: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Surv Ophthalmol. 2023 Nov-Dec;68(6):1071-1083. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.07.002. Epub 2023 Jul 16. PMID: 37454782.
- van Zuylen ML, Siegelaar SE, Plummer MP, Deane AM, Hermanides J, Hulst AH. Perioperative management of long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists: concerns for delayed gastric emptying and pulmonary aspiration. Br J Anaesth. 2024 Apr;132(4):644-648. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2024.01.001.
- Zheng Z, Zong Y, Ma Y, Tian Y, Pang Y, Zhang C, Gao J. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor: mechanisms and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024 Sep 18;9(1):234. doi: 10.1038/s41392-024-01931-z.
- Frias JP, Deenadayalan S, Erichsen L, Knop FK, Lingvay I, Macura S, Mathieu C, et al. Efficacy and safety of co-administered once-weekly cagrilintide 2·4 mg with once-weekly semaglutide 2·4 mg in type 2 diabetes: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2023 Aug 26;402(10403):720-730. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01163-7.